La vida en la historiaMás allá de la biología, la fenomenología y las ciencias cognitivas

Abstract

This doctoral thesis offers a philosophical critique of Varelian enactivism and Participatory Sense-Making, arguing that despite their rejection of representationalism and their emphasis on embodied and intersubjective cognition, they remain grounded in an ontology of immanent closure. Through a historical and epistemological reconstruction of cybernetics, autopoiesis, and radical constructivism, the study examines the concepts of autonomy, enaction, and participation as theoretical devices that tend to neutralize radical alterity, reducing otherness to a functional element of self-organizing systems. In contrast, drawing on Levinas, Fanon, Ambedkar, Federici, and especially Enrique Dussel, the thesis rethinks life, language, and cognition from the perspective of vulnerability, exclusion, and ethical responsibility toward the Other. It argues for an ontological and political reopening of meaning grounded in the historical exteriority of victims, as an alternative to the technical totalization of contemporary thought.