Ansiedad y sesgo de interpretación de estímulos ambiguosuna revisión

  1. Gutiérrez García, Aida 1
  2. Fernández Martín, Andrés 2
  1. 1 Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Burgos
  2. 2 Departamento de Psicología Cognitiva, Social y Organizacional. Universidad de La Laguna
Journal:
Ansiedad y estrés

ISSN: 1134-7937

Year of publication: 2012

Volume: 18

Issue: 1

Pages: 1-14

Type: Article

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: Ansiedad y estrés

Abstract

In this article we review the studies investigating the effects of anxiety on interpretive bias, i.e., the proneness to generate, prioritize or select a threatening interpretation over a neutral interpretation of an ambiguous stimulus. The article is organized in three sections: Conceptualization, Research, and Application. First, we motivate theoretically the relationship between anxiety and interpretive bias, with particular emphasis on the functional role of such a bias in the alarm mechanism of the defensive system. Second, we examine the existing experimental evidence on the issue under investigation in several specific areas. And, third, we address the possibility that the experimental findings on anxiety and interpretive bias can be applied to therapeutical treatments aimed to control and reduce vulnerability to anxiety.

Bibliographic References

  • Aiken, L. S. & West, S. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Amir, N., Beard, C., & Bower, E. (2005). Interpretation bias and social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 433-443.
  • Arcas-Guijarro, S., & Cano-Vindel, A. (1999). Procesos cognitivos en el trastorno de ansiedad generalizada según el paradigma del procesamiento de la información. Psicologia. COM [Online], 3, 145 párrafos. http://www.psiquiatria.com/psi cologia/vol143num141/art_14 6.htm.
  • Avero, P., & Calvo, M. G. (2000). Test anxiety and egothreatening stress: Over (and under) estimation of emotional reactivity. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 13, 143-164.
  • Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and non-anxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 1-24.
  • Beard, C., & Amir, N. (2008). A multi-session interpretation modification program: Changes in interpretation and social anxiety symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1135-1141.
  • Beard, C., & Amir, N. (2010). Negative interpretation bias mediates the effect of social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 292-296.
  • Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 49-58.
  • Bisson, M. A., & Sears, C. R. (2007). The effect of depressed mood on the interpretation of ambiguity, with and without negative mood induction. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 614-645.
  • Blanchette, I., & Richards, A. (2010). The influence of affect on higher level cognition: A review of research on interpretation, judgment, decision making and reasoning. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 561-595.
  • Butler, G., & Mathews, A. (1987). Anticipatory anxiety and risk perception. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 551-565.
  • Calvo, M. G., & Avero, P. (2002). Eye-movement assessment of emotional processing in anxiety. Emotion, 2, 105-117.
  • Calvo, M. G., & Cano-Vindel, A. (1997). The nature of trait anxiety: Cognitive and biological vulnerability. European Psychologist, 2, 301-312.
  • Calvo, M. G., & Castillo, M. D. (1997). Mood-congruent bias in interpretation of ambiguity: Strategic processes and temporary activation. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50A, 163-182.
  • Calvo, M. G., & Castillo, M. D. (2001). Bias in predictive inferences during reading. Discourse Processes, 32, 43-71.
  • Calvo, M. G., & Castillo, M. D. (2001). Selective interpretation in anxiety: Uncertainty for threatening events. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 299-320.
  • Calvo, M. G., Castillo, M. D., & Estévez, A. (1999). On-line predictive inferences in reading: Processing time during vs. after the priming context. Memory and Cognition, 27, 834-843.
  • Calvo, M. G., Castillo, M. D., & Schmalhofer, F. (2006). Strategic influence on the time course of predictive inferences in reading. Memory and Cognition, 34, 68-77.
  • Calvo, M. G., & Eysenck, M. W. (1998). Cognitive biases to internal sources of information. International Journal of Psychology, 33, 287-299.
  • Calvo, M. G., Eysenck, M. W., & Castillo, M. D. (1997). Interpretation bias in test anxiety: The time course of predictive inferences. Cognition and Emotion, 11, 43-63.
  • Calvo M. G., Eysenck, M. W., & Estévez, A. (1994). Ego-threat interpretive bias in test anxiety: On-line inferences. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 127-146.
  • Calvo, M. G., & Miguel-Tobal, J. J. (1998). The anxiety response: Concordance among components. Motivation and Emotion, 22, 211-230.
  • Castillo, M. D., & Calvo, M. G. (2000). Anxiety gives priority to anticipation of threatening events. European Psychologist, 5, 234-244.
  • Chan, C. K. Y., & Lovibond, P. F. (1996). Expectancy bias in trait anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 637-647.
  • Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., & Schofield, C. A. (2008). Interpretation of facial expressions and social anxiety: Specificity and source of biases. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 1159-1173.
  • Constans, J. I. (2001). Worry propensity and the perception of risk. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 721-729.
  • Constans, J. I., & Mathews, A. M. (1993). Mood and the subjective risk of future events. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 545-560.
  • Davey, G. C. L., Menzies, R., & Gallardo, B. (1997). Height phobia in the interpretation of bodily sensations: Some links between acrophobia and agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 997-1001.
  • Derakshan, N., & Eysenck, M. W. (1997). Interpretive biases for one's own behaviour and physiology in high traitanxious individuals and repressors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 816-825.
  • Eysenck, M. W. (1997). Anxiety and cognition: A unified theory. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
  • Eysenck, M. W. (1999). Cognitive biases in social phobia. Ansiedad y Estrés, 5, 275-284.
  • Eysenck, M. W., & Derakshan, N. (1997). Un marco teórico para los trastornos de ansiedad. Ansiedad y Estrés, 3, 121-134.
  • Eysenck, M. W., & Eysenck, W. (2007). Four-factor theory and the anxiety disorders. Ansiedad y Estrés, 13, 283-289.
  • Eysenck, M. W., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. M. (1987). Cognitive functioning in anxiety. Psychological Research, 49, 189-195.
  • Fernández-Abascal, E. G., & Martínez-Sánchez, F. (1998). La reactividad fisiológica al estrés. Ansiedad y Estrés, 4, 111-118.
  • Foa, E. B., Franklin, M. E., Perry, K. J., & Herbert, J. D. (1996). Cognitive biases in generalized social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 433-439.
  • Grey, S., & Mathews, A. (2000). Effects of training on interpretation of emocional ambiguity. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54A, 1143-1162.
  • Gutiérrez-Calvo, M., & Eysenck, M. W. (1995). Sesgo interpretativo en la ansiedad de evaluación. Ansiedad y Estrés, 1, 5-20.
  • Hallion, L. S., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive bias modification on anxiety and depres sion. Psychological Bulletin. 137, 940-958.
  • Hayes, S., Hirsch, C. R, Krebs, G., & Mathews, A. (2010). The effects of modifying interpretation bias on worry in generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 171-178.
  • Herrero-Gómez, V., & Cano-Vindel, A. (2010). Un caso de trastorno adaptativo con ansiedad: Evaluación, tratamiento y seguimiento. Anuario de Psicología Clínica y de la Salud, 6, 53-59.
  • Hertel, P. T., Brozovich, F., Joorman, J., & Gotlib, I. (2008). Biases in interpretation and memory in generalized social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 278-288.
  • Hirsch, C. R., Hayes, S., & Mathews, A. (2009). Looking on the bright side: Accessing benign meanings reduces worry. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 44-54.
  • Hirsch, C., & Mathews, A. (1997). Interpretative inferences when reading about emotional events. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 1123-1132.
  • Kolassa, I. T., Buchmann, A., Lauche, R., Kolassa, S., Partchev, I., Miltner, W. H. R., et al. (2007). Spider phobic more easily see a spider in morphed schematic pictures. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 3(59).
  • Lawson, C., & MacLeod, C. (1999). Depression and the interpretation of ambiguity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 463-474.
  • Leal-Carcedo, L., & Cano-Vindel, A. (2008). Tratamiento del trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo desde las nuevas perspectivas cognitivas: Estudio de un caso. Ansiedad y Estrés, 14, 321-339.
  • MacLeod, C., & Cohen, I. (1993). Anxiety and the interpretation of ambiguity: A text comprehension study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 238-247.
  • Maner, J. K., & Gerend, M. A. (2007). Motivationally selective risk judgments: Do fear and curiosity boost the boons or the banes? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103, 256-267.
  • Marks, I. M., & Nesse, R. M. (1994). Fear and fitness: An evolutionary analysis of anxiety disorders. Ethology and Sociobiology, 15, 247-261.
  • Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B. (1998). A cognitive model of selective processing in anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 539-560.
  • Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B. (2000). Induced emotional interpretation bias and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 602-615.
  • Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2002). Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 331-354.
  • Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 167-195.
  • Mogg, K., Bradbury, K. E., & Bradley, B. P. (2006). Interpretation of ambiguous information in clinical depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1411-1419.
  • Mogg, K., Bradley, B., Miller, T., Potts, H., Glenwright, J., & Kentish, J. (1994). Interpretation of homophones related to threat: Anxiety or response bias effects? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 461-477.
  • Muris, P., & van der Heiden, S. (2006). Anxiety, depression, and judgments about the probability of future negative and positive events in children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 252-261.
  • Öhman, A. (2008). Fear and anxiety: Overlaps and dissociations. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones & L.F. Barrett (Eds.). Handbook of emotions (3rd ed.) (pp. 709-729). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Palmero, F., & García-Brisach, I. (1998). Adaptación y estrés. Ansiedad y Estrés, 4, 119-133.
  • Peri, J. M., & Torres, X. (1999). Modelos cognitivos y trastornos de ansiedad. Ansiedad y Estrés, 5, 285-298.
  • Philippot, P., & Douilliez, C. (2005). Social phobics do not misinterpret facial expression of emotion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 639-652.
  • Power, M. J., & Dalgleish, T. (1997). Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder. Hove, UK: Erlbaum.
  • Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741-756.
  • Richards, A., & French, C. C. (1992). An anxiety-related bias in semantic activation when processing threat/neutral homographs. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45A, 503-525.
  • Richards, A., French, C. C., Calder, A. J., Webb, B., Fox, R., & Young, A. W. (2002). Anxiety-related bias in the classification of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions. Emotion, 2, 273-287.
  • Richards, A., Reynolds, A., & French, C. (1993). Anxiety and the spelling and use in sentences of threat/neutral homophones. Current Psychology: Research and Reviews, 12, 18-25.
  • Salemink, E., van den Hout, M., & Kindt, M. (2007). Trained interpretive bias: Validity and effects on anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 212-224.
  • Steptoe, A., & Vogele, C. (1992). Individual differences in the perception of bodily sensations: The role of trait anxiety and coping style. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 597-607.
  • Stewart, R. E., & Chambless, D. L. (2009). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders in clinical practice: A meta-analysis of effectiveness studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 595-606.
  • Tripp, G., Tan, S., & Milne, J. (1995). Risk perception and anxiety. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 24, 37-43.
  • Västfjäll, D., Peters, E., & Slovic, P. (2008). Affect, risk perception and future optimism after the tsunami disaster. Jugdment and Decision Making, 3, 64-72.
  • Vidal-Fernández, J., Ramos-Cejudo, J., & Cano-Vindel, A. (2008). Perspectivas cognitivas en el tratamiento de la fobia social: Estudio de un caso clínico. Ansiedad y Estrés, 14, 289-303.
  • Walsh, J. J., Eysenck, M. W., Wilding, J., & Valentine, J. (1994). Type A, neuroticism, and physiological functioning (actual and reported). Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 959-965.
  • Williams, J. M., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1997). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. Chichester, UK: Wiley (2nd ed.).
  • Wilson, E. J., MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Rutherford, E. M. (2006). The causal role of interpretative bias in anxiety reactivity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 103-111.
  • Winton, E. C., Clark, D. M., & Edelmann, R. J. (1995). Social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and the detection of negative emotion in others. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 193-196.
  • Yiend (2010). The effects of emotion on attention: A review of attentional processing of emotional information. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 3-47.
  • Yoon, K. L., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2008). Interpreting neutral faces as threatening is a default mode for socially anxious individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 680-685.
  • Young, A. W., Rowland, D., Calder, A. J., & Etcoff, N. L. (1997). Facial expression megamix: Tests of dimensional and category accounts of emotion recognition. Cognition, 63, 271-313.
  • Zelinski, J. M., & Larsen, R. J. (2002). Predicting the future: How affect-related personality traits influence likelihood judgment of future events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulleting, 28, 1000-1010.
Data source: Dialnet