Was is there or was it here?transcultural visions in Marlene Nourbese Philip's early poetry

  1. Carmona Rodríguez, Pedro
Journal:
Revista de Filología de la Universidad de La Laguna

ISSN: 0212-4130

Year of publication: 2005

Issue: 23

Pages: 49-64

Type: Article

More publications in: Revista de Filología de la Universidad de La Laguna

Abstract

The dynamics of acculturation versus deculturation which reductively described the passage from one cultural formation to another was replaced in the last quarter of the twentieth century by the study of how cultural transference creates a personal and experiential continuum. In Canada, the writings of immigrant authors are attentive to the transcultural processes lying underneath the constitution of the migrant subject. This paper explores the early poetry by the Canadian writer of Afro-Caribbean origin Marlene Nourbese Philip to unveil that Thorns (1980) and Salmon Courage (1983) exemplify that transcultural continuum. Additionally, in both collections, the transit between cultures is parallel to the articulation of provisional locations counteracting the stasis of the centred discourses of nation and state. Imbued with the consciousness of emerging from the contact-zone and the in-between, Philip’s poetry appears unable to decide on a site of easy accommodation to favour instead mobility, instability and changing spaces.

Bibliographic References

  • ANZALDÚA, Gloria 1999 (1987): Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza, San Francisco, Spinster / Aunt Lute.
  • ASHCROFT, Bill et al. (1989): The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures, London, Routledge.
  • ATWOOD, Margaret (1970): The Journals of Susanna Moodie, Toronto, Oxford U.P.
  • BHABHA, Homi K. (1994): The Location of Culture, London, Routledge.
  • BRYDON, Diana (1989): «Commonwealth or Common Poverty?: The New Literatures in English and the New Discourse of Marginality». After Europe: Critical Theory and Post-Colonial Writing, Eds. Stephen Slemon and Helen Tiffin, Sydney, Dangaroo. 1-16.
  • BRYDON, Diana (2001): «Black Canadas: Rethinking Canadian and Diasporic Cultural Sites», Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 43: 101-117.
  • BUCK, Claire, ed. (1992): The Bloomsbury Guide to Women’s Literature, New York, Prentice Hall / Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • CÁLIZ-MONTORO, Carmen (2000): Writing from the Borderlands: A Study of Chicano, Afro-Caribbean and Native North American Literatures, Toronto, TSAR.
  • CARMONA RODRÍGUEZ, Pedro (2003): «A Double Resonance of Being: Identity Performance and Split Subjectivity in Dionne Brand’s No Language Is Neutral», Canadística canaria: in honorem Ana María Hernández, Eds. Juan Ignacio Oliva Cruz et al., La Laguna, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de La Laguna (forthcoming).
  • CHAMBERS, Iain 1995 (1994): Identity, Migrancy, Culture, London, Routledge.
  • CHAMCY, Myriam J.A. (1997): Searching for Safe Spaces: Afro-Caribbean Women Writers in Exile. Philadelphia, Temple University Press.
  • CORSE, Sarah M. (1997): Nationalism and Literature: The Politics of Culture in Canada and the United States, Cambridge, Cambridge U.P.
  • CRAIGH, Terrance (1989): «The Literature of Immigrants», Essays on Canadian Literature, Eds. Jorn Carlsen and Bengt Streijffert, Lund, The Nordic Association of Canadian Studies. Texts Series, 3. 43-50.
  • DOMÍNGUEZ GARCÍA, Beatriz (2000): «Mothers and Daughters: Present Conflict Inside and Outside the Colonies», Reading Multiculturalism: Contemporary Postcolonial Literatures, Eds. Ana Bringas López and María Belén Martín Lucas. Vigo, Feminario Teorías da diferencia. 187-193.
  • DUANY, Jorge (2000): «Nation on the Move: the Construction of Cultural Identities in Puerto Rico and the Diaspora», American Ethnologist 27.1: 5-30.
  • FANON, Franz (1963): The Wretched of the Earth, Trans. C. Farrington, New York, Grove Press
  • FERNÁNDEZ RETAMAR, Roberto (1974): «Caliban, Notes Towards a Discussion of Culture in our America», The Massachusetts Review 15: 7-72.
  • GADSBY, Meredith M. (1998): «‘I Suck Coarse Salt’: Caribbean Women Writers in Canada and the Politics of Transcendence», Modern Fiction Studies 44.1: 144-163.
  • GILROY, Paul 1993 (1988): The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, London, Verso.
  • GODARD, Barbara (1993): «Marlene Nourbese Philip’s Hyphenated Tongue, or Writing the Caribbean Demotic between Africa and Arctic», Major Minorities: English Literatures in Transit, Ed. Raoul Granquist, Amsterdam, Rodopi. 151-175.
  • GODARD, Barbara (1996): «Writing Resistance: Black Women’s Writing in Canada», Intersexions: Issues of Race and Gender in Canadian Women’s Writing, Eds. Coomi S. Vevaina and Barbara Godard. New Delhi, Creative Books. 106-115.
  • HALL, Stuart and Paul du GAY 1998 (1996): «Introduction: Who Needs Identity?», Questions of Cultural Identity, Eds. Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay, London, SAGE. 1-17.
  • HARRIS, Claire (1986): «Poets in Limbo», Amazing Space: Writing Canadian Women Writing, Eds. Shirley Neuman and Smaro Kamboureli, Edmonton (Al), Lonspoon/NeWest Press. 115-125.
  • HARRIS, Claire (1993): «Ole Talk: A Sketch». Major Minorities: English Literatures in Transit, Ed. Raoul Granquist, Amsterdam, Rodopi. 177-186.
  • HUTCHEON, Linda (1991): Splitting Images: Contemporary Canadian Ironies, Toronto, Oxford U.P.
  • JAY, Paul (1998): «The ‘Myth’ of America and the Politics of Location: Modernity, Border Studies and the Literature of the Americas», Arizona Quarterly 54.2 : 165-192.
  • KAUP, Monika (1996): «West Indian-Canadian Writing: Crossing the Border from Exile to Emigration», Writing Ethnicity: Cross-Cultural Consciousness in Canadian and Québécois Literature, Ed. Winfried Siemerling, Toronto, ECW Press. 171-193.
  • LOOMBA, Ania 2000 (1998): Colonialism/Postcolonialism, London, Routledge.
  • MACKEY, Eva (1999): The House of Difference: Cultural Politics and National Identity in Canada, London, Routledge.
  • MORRIS, Ann R. and Margaret M. DUNN (1991): «The Bloodstream of Our Inheritance: Female Identity and the Caribbean Mothers’ Land», Motherlands: Black Women’s Writing from Africa, the Caribbean and South Asia, Ed. Susheila Nasta, London, The Women’s Press. 219-237.
  • MUKHERJEE, Arun Prabha (1999): «Canadian Nationalism, Canadian Literature and Racial Minority Women», Floating the Borders: New Contexts in Canadian Criticism, Ed. Nurjehan Aziz, Toronto, TSAR. 151-169.
  • MUNASINGHE, Viranjini (2002): «Nationalism in Hybrid Spaces: The Production of Purity out of Impurity», American Ethnologist 29.3: 603-642.
  • PADOLSKI, Enoch (1997): «Cultural Diversity and Canadian Literature: A Pluralistic Approach to Majority and Minority Writing in Canada», New Contexts of Canadian Criticism, Eds. Ajay Heble et al., Peterborough (On), Broadview Press. 22-42.
  • PHILIP, Marlene Nourbese (1980): Thorns, Toronto, Williams-Wallace.
  • PHILIP, Marlene Nourbese (1983): Salmon Courage, Toronto, Williams-Wallace.
  • PHILIP, Marlene Nourbese (1989): «The Absence of Writing, or How I Almost Became a Spy». She Tries Her Tongue, Her Silence Softly Breaks. Charlottetown (P.E.I.), Ragweed. 10-25.
  • PHILIP, Marlene Nourbese (1992): Frontiers: Essays and Writings on Racism and Culture, Stratford (On), Mercury.
  • PHILIP, Marlene Nourbese (1993a): Showing Grit: Showboating North of the 44th Parallel, Toronto, Poui.
  • PHILIP, Marlene Nourbese (1993b): «Writing a Memory of Losing that Place: An interview with Janice Williamson», Sounding Differences: Conversations with Seventeen Canadian Women Writers, Ed. Janice Williamson, Toronto, U. of Toronto Press. 226-244.
  • PHILIP, Marlene Nourbese (1994): «Salmon Courage: A Selection», A Grammar of Dissent: Poetry and Prose by Claire Harris, Marlene Nourbese Philip and Dionne Brand, Ed. Carol Morrell, New Brunswick, Goose Lane Press. 117-128.
  • PHILLIPS, Caryl (1993): Crossing the River, London, Picador.
  • PRATT, Mary Louise (1992): Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation, London, Routledge.
  • RUSSELL, Elizabeth (2000): «La e/vocación de la f(r)ase maternal: Kristeva, Cixous, Irigaray», Escribir en femenino: poéticas y políticas, Eds. Beatriz Suárez Briones, María Belén Martín Lucas, María Jesús Fariña Busto, Barcelona, Icaria. 39-52.
  • SANDERS, Leslie (1992): «Marlene Nourbese Philip’s ‘Bad Words’», Tessera 12: 81-89.
  • SARBADIKHARY, Krishna (1996): «Recovering History: The Poems of Dionne Brand», Intersexions: Issues of Race and Gender in Canadian Women’s Writing, Eds. Coomi S. Vevaina and Barbara Godard. New Delhi, Creative Books. 116-130.
  • VEVAINA, Coomi S. (1999): «Whose Voices Are These, Anyway?: The Creation of ‘Imaginary Homelands’ in Afro-Canadian Womanist Poetry», The International Journal of Canadian Studies 19: 125-136.
  • WALCOTT, Rinaldo (1997): Black Like Who? Writing Black Canada, Toronto, Insomniac Press.
  • WALCOTT, Rinaldo (1999): «The Desire to Belong: the Politics of Texts and their Politics of Nation», Floating the Borders: New Contexts in Canadian Criticism, Ed. Nurjehan Aziz, Toronto, TSAR. 61-79.
  • WILENTZ, Gay (1992): «English Is a Foreign Anguish: Caribbean Writers and the Disruption of the Colonial Canon», De-Colonising Tradition: New Views on Twentieth Century ‘British’ Literary Canons, Ed. Karen Lawrence, Urbana, University of Illinois Press. 261-278.
  • YOUNG, Robert (1995): Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race, London, Routledge.
  • YUVAL-DAVIES, Nira 2000 (1997): Gender and Nation, London, SAGE.
  • ZACKODNIK, Teresa (1995): «‘I Am Blackening in My Way’: Identity and Place in Dionne Brand’s No Language Is Neutral», Essays on Canadian Writing 57: 194-211.