The impact of helping behavior on outgroup infrahumanization

  1. Delgado Rodríguez, Naira 1
  2. Betancor Rodríguez, Verónica 1
  3. Rodríguez Pérez, Armando 1
  4. Ariño Mateo, Eva 1
  1. 1 Universidad de La Laguna
    info

    Universidad de La Laguna

    San Cristobal de La Laguna, España

    ROR https://ror.org/01r9z8p25

Revista:
The Spanish Journal of Psychology

ISSN: 1138-7416

Año de publicación: 2012

Volumen: 15

Número: 3

Páginas: 1099-1109

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.5209/REV_SJOP.2012.V15.N3.39400 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: The Spanish Journal of Psychology

Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible

Resumen

Infrahumanization research has verified that in intergroup contexts, there is a strong tendency to attribute secondary emotions, which are uniquely human, to the ingroup, while limiting that attribution in outgroups. Experiments have shown it to be as common as ingroup bias. However, it is not yet known what characteristics may mitigate this trend. This paper presents two studies. The first analyzes the impact of helping behavior on attributions of human traits to two fictitious groups. The second study's objective was to determine if members of the Spanish ingroup would infrahumanize an Ethiopian outgroup less when that outgroup performs prosocial behavior towards another group. Infrahumanization was determined by a lexical decision task, using the names of ingroup and outgroup members as priming. The results demonstrate that describing a fictitious group in altruistic terms increases their human profile (experiment one) and reduces infrahumanization (experiment two).

€ Ver financiación

Información de financiación

The research presented in this article were made possible by funding the research project PSI2009-09777 of Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica (DGICYT) and the Proyecto Estructurante Neurocog, awarded by the Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información and funded by the FEDER, ACIISI and ULL.

Financiadores

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244. http://dx.doi. Org/10.1037//0022-3514.71.2.230 (Pubitemid 126418535)
  • Bar-Tal, D. (1989). Delegitimization: The extreme case of stereotyping. In D. Bar-Tal, C. F. Gauman, A. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Stereotyping and prejudice: Changing conceptions (pp. 169-182). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
  • Berkowitz, L. (1984). Some effects of thoughts on anti and prosocial influences of media events: A cognitiveneoassociation analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 410-427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.95.3.410
  • Betancor, V., Rodríguez-Pérez, A., Quiles, M. N., & Rodriguez-Torres, R. (2005). Relación de la infrahumanizacion del exogrupo con los procesos de inferencia y memoria [Outgroup infrahumanization in relation to inference and memory processes]. Psicothema, 17, 447-452. (Pubitemid 43835360)
  • Blackman, J., & Hornstein, H. (1977). Newscasts and the social actuary. Public Opinion Quarterly, 41, 295-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/268389
  • Castano, E., & Giner-Sorolla, R. (2006). Not quite human: Infrahumanization in response to collective responsibility for intergroup killing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 804-818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.804 (Pubitemid 43911590)
  • Carlston, D. E., & Skowronski, J. J. (2005). Linking versus thinking: Evidence for the different associative and attributional bases of spontaneous trait transference and spontaneous trait inference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 884-898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.6-884 (Pubitemid 43083774)
  • Carlston, D. E., & Smith, E. R. (1996). Principles of mental representation. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 184-210). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Clark, M., & Isen, A. (1982). Toward understanding the relationship between feeling states and social behavior. In A. Hastorf & A. Isen (Eds.), Cognitive social psychology (pp. 73-108). New York, NY: Elsevier.
  • Collins, A., & Loftus, E. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407-428.
  • Cortés, B. (2005). Looking for conditions leading to infrahumanization. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Catholic University of Louvain. Lovain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
  • Cortés, B., Demoulin, S., Viki, T., Rodríguez-Torres, R., Rodríguez-Pérez, A., & Leyens, J. Ph. (2005). Infrahumanization or familiarity? Attribution of uniquely human emotions to the self, the ingroup and the outgroup. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 243-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271421
  • Dasgupta, N., Banaji, M. R., & Abelson, R. P. (1999). Group entitativity and group perception: Associations between physical features and psychological judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 991-1003. http://dx.doi. Org/10.1037//0022-3514.77.5.991
  • Delgado, N., Pacios, A., Rodríguez-Pérez, A., & Betancor, V. (2008). La atribución de sentimientos en situacionescriticas: Humanos, infrahumanos y demonios [The attribution of secondary emotions in disasters: Human beings, infra-humans and devils]. Revista de Psicologia Social, 23, 133-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1174/021347408784135814
  • Delgado, N., Rodríguez-Pérez, P. A., & Rodríguez, T. R. (2006). [Infra-humanization and contexts of intergroup comparison]. Unpublished raw data.
  • Delgado, N., Rodríguez-Pérez, A., Vaes, J., Leyens, J. Ph., & Betancor, V. (2009). Priming effects of violence on infrahumanization. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 12, 699-714. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1177/1368430209344607
  • Demoulin, S., Cortés, B. P., Viki, T. G., Rodríguez- Pérez, A., Rodríguez, R. T., Paladino, M. P., & & Leyens, J. Ph. (2009). The role of ingroup identification in infrahumanization. International Journal of Psychology, 44, 4-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 00207590802057654
  • Demoulin, S., Leyens, J. Ph., Paladino, M. P., Rodríguez-Torres, R., Rodríguez-Pérez, A., & Dovidio, J. F. (2004). Dimensions of 'uniquely' and 'non-uniquely' human emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 71-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0269993024 4000444 (Pubitemid 38128357)
  • Demoulin, S., Rodríguez-Torres, R., Rodríguez-Pérez, A., Vaes, J., Paladino, P., Gaunt, R.,... Leyens, J. Ph. (2004). Emotional prejudice can lead to infra-humanization. European Review of Social Psychology, 15, 259-296.
  • Gilbert, D. T., & Malone, P. S. (1995). The correspondence bias. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 21-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.117.1. 21
  • Haslam, S. A., & Turner, J. C. (1992). Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping 2: The relationship between frame of reference, self-categorization and accentuation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 251-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp. 2420220305
  • Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., McGarty, C., & Hayes, B. K. (1992). Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping 1: The effects of intergroup relations as mediated by social change and frame of reference. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 3-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp. 2420220104
  • Hoffman, G, & Hurst, N. (1990). Gender stereotypes: Perception or rationalization? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 197-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.58.2.197
  • Holloway, S., Tucker, L., & Hornstein, H. A. (1977). The effects of social and non-social information on interpersonal behavior of males: The news makes news. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 514-522. http://dx.doi.org/I0.1037//0022-3514.35.7.514
  • Hornstein, H. A., La Kind, E., Frankel, G., & Manne, S. (1975). Effects of knowledge about remote social events on prosocial behavior, social conception, and mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 1038-1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.32.6.1038
  • Jones, E. E., & Davis, K. E. (1965). From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in social psychology. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 219-266). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Landman, J., & Manis, M. (1983). Social cognition: Some historical and theoretical perspectives. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 16, pp. 49-123). San Francisco, CA: Academic Press.
  • Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 16, 495-512. http://dx.doi. Org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979. tb01511.x
  • Leyens, J. Ph., Cortés, B. P., Demoulin, S., Dovidio, J., Fiske, S. T., Gaunt, R.,... Vaes, J. (2003). Emotional prejudice, essentialism, and nationalism the 2012 Tajfel lecture. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 703-717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.170 (Pubitemid 37470064)
  • Leyens, J. Ph., Demoulin, S., Vaes, J., Gaunt, R., & Paladino, M. P. (2007). Infra-humanization: The wall of group differences. Journal of Social Issues and Policy Review, I., 139-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j. 1751-2409.2007.00006.x
  • Leyens, J. Ph., Paladino, P. M., Rodríguez, R. T., Vaes, J., Demoulin, S., Rodríguez-Pérez, A., & Gaunt, R. (2000). The emotional side of prejudice: The attribution of secondary emotions to ingroups and outgroups. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 186-197. http://dx.doi.org/IO.1207/S15327957PSPR040206
  • Leyens, J. Ph., Rodríguez-Pérez, A., Rodríguez- Torres, R. T., Gaunt, R., Paladino, P. M., & Vaes, J. (2001). Psychological essentialism and the differential attribution of uniquely human emotions to ingroups and outgroups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 395-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp. 50 (Pubitemid 33381306)
  • Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V, & Milne, A. B. (1995). The dissection of selection in person perception: Inhibitory processes in social stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 397-407. http://dx.doi. Org/10.1037//0022-3514.69.3.397
  • Mae, L., Carlston, D. E., & Skowronski, J. J. (1999). Spontaneous trait transference to familiar communicators: Is a little knowledge a dangerous thing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 233-246. http://dx.doi.org/10. I037//0022-3514.77.2.233
  • Opotow, S. (1990). Moral exclusion and injustice: An introduction. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 1-20. http://dx.doi. Org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990. tb00268.x
  • Paladino, P. M., Leyens, J. Ph., Rodríguez-Torres, R., Rodríguez-Pérez, A., Gaunt, R., & Demoulin, S. (2002). Differential association of uniquely and non uniquely human emotions to the ingroup and the outgroups. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 5, 105-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430202005002539
  • Paladino, P. M., Vaes, J., Castano, E., Demoulin, S., & Leyens, J. Ph. (2004). Emotional infrahumanization in intergroup relations: The role of national identification in the attribution of secondary emotions to Italians and Germans. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition, 22, 519-536. (Pubitemid 43128418)
  • Rodríguez-Pérez, A., Betancor, V, & Delgado, N. (2009). La norma social sobre la expresión del prejuicio explicito hacia diferentes grupos sociales [The social norm related to the explicit expression of prejudice towards different social groups]. Revista de Psicologia Social, 24, 17-27.
  • Rodríguez-Pérez, A., Betancor, V., Rodríguez-Torres, R., Quiles, M. N., Delgado, N., & Coello, E. (2005). El efecto de las identidades nacionales con distintos niveles de inclusividad en el prejuicio hacia exogrupos [The effects of identities with different levels of inclusion in prejudice towards outgroups]. Psicothema, 17, 441-446. (Pubitemid 43835359)
  • Rodríguez-Péiez, A., Delgado, N., Betancor, V., Leyens, J. Ph., & Vaes, J. (2011). Infrahumanization of outgroups throughout the world. The role of similarity, intergroup friendship, knowledge of the outgroup, and status. Anales de Psicologia, 27, 679-687.
  • Rodríguez-Torres, R., Leyens, J. Ph., Rodríguez- Pérez, A., Betancor, V., Quiles, M., Demoulin, S., & Cortés, B. (2005). The lay distinction between primary and secondary emotions: A spontaneous categorization? International Journal of Psychology, 40, 100-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207590 444000221 (Pubitemid 40688115)
  • Rohmann, A., Niedenthal, P. M., Brauer, M., Castano, E., & Leyens, J. Ph. (2005). The attribution of primary and secondary emotions to the ingroup and to the outgroup: The case of equal status countries. Unpublished manuscript.
  • Rothbart, M., & Taylor, M. (1992). Category labels and social reality: Do we view social categories as natural kinds? In G. R. Semin & K. Fiedler (Eds.), Language, interaction and social cognition (pp. 11-36). London, England: Sage.
  • Srull, T. K., & Wyer, R. S. (1989). Person memory and judgement. Psychological Review, 96, 58-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.96.1.58
  • Tajfel, H., Billig, M., Bundy, R., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp. 2420010202
  • Uleman, J. S., Newman, L. S., & Moskowitz, G. B. (1996). People as flexible interpreters: Evidence and issues from spontaneous trait inference. In M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 28, pp. 211-279). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • van Calster, B., & Hoorens, V. (2002, June). Trait transference and the logic of conversation. Paper presented at the XIII annual meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology. San Sebastian, Spain.
  • Viki, G. T. (2004). Identification and infra-humanization. Unpublished data. University of Kent, England.
  • Viki, G. T., Winchester, L., Titshall, L., Chisango, T., Pina, A., & Russell, R. (2006). Beyond secondary emotions: The infrahumanization of outgroups using human-related and animal-related words. Social Cognition, 24, 753-775. http://dx.doi. Org/10.152 l/soco.2006.24.6.753
  • Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 262-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.72.2.262 (Pubitemid 127454474)
  • Wyer, R., & Carlston, D. (1979). Social cognition, inference and attribution. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet