Selección de soluciones constructivas genéricas para viviendas en las Islas Canarias a través de la cuantificación de demandas energéticas en modelos Bestest

Résumé

ABSTRACT: In recent years, energy certification of buildings has become the basic procedure that minimizes energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the building sector through an optimal rating, which involves good design (position, distribution and radiation shielding windows) and construction. The existence of many microclimates, typical feature in the Canary Islands, is a fact that the CTE 2006 did not value enough in its Energy Savings Basic Document, where the Islands (classified as area A3) were required to have an insulation of at least 3 centimeters width for the entire building envelope. This situation is presumably excessive in places that have only cooling demand, as evidenced by the new climate severity of winter Alpha, built in the CTE of 2013, which affects 80% of the population and is characterized by mild winters. This thesis focuses on distinguishing the optimal combination of a set of selected variables to improve the energy efficiency of homes in warmer climates such as the Canary Islands. These variables were chosen among the usual constructive solutions proposed for the envelope in these islands. For this purpose, an analysis of the results obtained through computer simulations based on theoretical Bestest models, is carried out. The above-mentioned test quantifies numerically the savings or energy demand for each of the situations according to guidelines, composition enclosures, sunscreens, percentage of fenestrations in the facade, glass types, carpentry and climate severity. Once the most efficient options in Bestests are detected, they are applied to a selection of representative buildings in the Canary Islands to check the effects. Parallel to this process, a hygrothermal and solar radiation monitoring on a real space is performed and controlled in order to evaluate the goodness of computer calculation tools (Herramienta Unificada Lider-Calener and DesignBuilder). This research shows that the use of insulation is not a sufficiently effective strategy to reduce the demand for cooling in the Canary Islands typical climates (Alpha2, Alpha 3 and Alpha 4). A series of specific measures is set according to the areas studied, percentage of fenestration and guidance to improve the thermal performance of buildings. Keywords: Energy efficiency, housing, Canary Islands, CTE, simulation.