Impact of the Economic Crisis on Body Mass Index in Spain: An Intersectional Multilevel Analysis Using a Socioeconomic and Regional Perspective

Referencias bibliográficas

• Ailshire, J. A., & House, J. S. (2011). The unequal burden of weight gain: An intersectional approach to understanding social disparities in BMI trajectories from 1986 to 2001/2002. Social Forces., 90, 397–423. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sor001
• Antentas, J. M., & Vivas, E. (2014). Impact of the economic crisis on the right to a healthy diet. SESPAS report 2014. Gaceta Sanitaria., 28, 58–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2014.04.006
• Aparicio, A. (2010). High-school dropouts and transitory labor market shocks: The case of the Spanish housing boom. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
• ASPCAT. (2019). Pla integral per a la promoció de la salut mitjançant l'activitat física i l'amitanció saludable (PAAS) [Web page]. Retrieved March 12, 2019 from http://salutpublica.gencat.cat/ca/sobre_lagencia/Plans-estrategics/PAAS/
• Axelsson, F. S., Mulinari, S., Wemrell, M., Leckie, G., Perez-Vicente, R., & Merlo, J. (2018). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Sweden: An intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy. SSM Population Health., 4, 334–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.03.005
• Bacigalupe, A., & Escolar-Pujolar, A. (2014). The impact of economic crises on social inequalities in health: What do we know so far? International Journal for Equity in Health., 13(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-13-52
• Ballesteros Arribas, J. M., Dal-Re Saavedra, M., Pérez-Farinós, N., & Villar, V. C. (2007). La estrategia para la nutrición, actividad física y prevención de la obesidad: Estrategia NAOS. Revista Española De Salud Pública., 81, 443–449. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1135-57272007000500002
• Balloo, K., Hosein, A., Byrom, N., & Essau, C. A. (2022). Differences in mental health inequalities based on university attendance: Intersectional multilevel analyses of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy. SSM Population Health., 19, 101149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101149
• Basterra-Gortari, F. J., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Forga, L. I., Martínez, J. A., & Martínez-González, M. A. (2008). Validación del índice de masa corporal auto-referido en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud. Anales Del Sistema Sanitario De Navarra., 30, 373–381.
• Bes-Rastrollo, M., Pérez Valdivieso, J., Sanchez-Villegas, A., Alonso, A., & Martínez-González, M. (2005). Validation of self-reported weight and body mass index of the participants of a cohort of university graduates. Revista Española De Obesidad., 3, 352–358.
• Böckerman, P., Johansson, E., Helakorpi, S., Prättälä, R., Vartiainen, E., & Uutela, A. (2007). Does a slump really make you thinner? Finnish micro-level evidence 1978–2002. Health Economics., 16(1), 103–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1156
• Bonaccio, M., di Castelnuovo, A., Bonanni, A., Costanzo, S., de Lucia, F., Persichillo, M., Zito, F., Donati, M. B., de Gaetano, G., & Iacoviello, L. (2014). Decline of the mediterranean diet at a time of economic crisis. Results from the Moli-sani study. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases., 24, 853–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2014.02.014
• Bowleg, L. (2012). The problem with the phrase women and minorities: Intersectionality-an important theoretical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health., 102, 1267–1273. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750
• Browne, W. J. (2017). MCMC estimation in MLwiN, v 3.00: Centre of multilevel modelling. University of Bristol.
• Buckland, G., Bach, A., & Serra-Majem, L. (2008). Obesity and the Mediterranean diet: A systematic review of observational and intervention studies. Obesity Reviews., 9, 582–593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00503.x
• CAIB. (2014). Alimentació saludable i vida activa [Web page]. Retrieved March 12, 2019 from http://e-alvac.caib.es/es/index.html
• Carmona-Rosado, L., & Zapata-Moya, Á. (2022). The preventive efforts of the Spanish autonomous regions and socio-economic inequality in childhood obesity or overweight. Gaceta Sanitaria, 36(3), 214–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.08.004
• Catalano, R., Goldman-Mellor, S., Saxton, K., Margerison-Zilko, C., Subbaraman, M., LeWinn, K., & Elizabeth, A. (2011). The health effects of economic decline. Annual Review of Public Health., 32, 431–450. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101146
• Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. Routledge.
• Conde-Ruiz J. I., Díaz M, Marín C, Rubio-Ramírez J. (2016). Sanidad, educación y protección social: Recortes durante la crisis. Estudios sobre la Economía Española-2016/17. Madrid: Estudios sobre la Economía Española
• Costa-Font, J., & Gil, J. (2008). What lies behind socio-economic inequalities in obesity in Spain? A decomposition approach. Food Policy, 33(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2007.05.005
• Costa-Font, J., Hernandez-Quevedo, C., & Jimenez-Rubio, D. (2014). Income inequalities in unhealthy life styles in England and Spain. Economics and Human Biology, 13, 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2013.03.003
• Coveney, M., García-Gómez, P., van Doorslaer, E., & van Ourti, T. (2016). Health disparities by income in Spain before and after the economic crisis. Health Economics., 25(S2), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3375
• Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscriminiation doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. The University of Chicago Legal Forum., 140, 139–167.
• Dávila Quintana, C. D., & López-Valcárcel, B. G. (2009). Crisis económica y salud. Gaceta Sanitaria., 23, 261–265. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0213-91112009000400001
• Davillas, A., & Jones, A. M. (2020). Regional inequalities in adiposity in England: distributional analysis of the contribution of individual-level characteristics and the small area obesogenic environment. Economics and Human Biology., 38, 100887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100887
• de Goeij, M. C., Suhrcke, M., Toffolutti, V., van de Mheen, D., Schoenmakers, T. M., & Kunst, A. E. (2015). How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems: A realist systematic review. Social Science and Medicine, 131, 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.025
• Devaux, M., & Sassi, F. (2013). Social inequalities in obesity and overweight in 11 OECD countries. European Journal of Public Health., 23, 464–469. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckr058
• Egger, G., & Swinburn, B. (1997). An, “ecological” approach to the obesity pandemic. BMJ, 315(7106), 477–480. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7106.477
• Escolar-Pujolar, A., Bacigalupe, A., & San, S. M. (2014). European economic crisis and health inequities: Research challenges in an uncertain scenario. International Journal for Equity in Health., 13(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0059-5
• Evans, C. R., & Erickson, N. (2019). Intersectionality and depression in adolescence and early adulthood: A MAIHDA analysis of the national longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health, 1995–2008. Social Science and Medicine, 220, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.019
• Evans, C. R., Leckie, G., & Merlo, J. (2020). Multilevel versus single-level regression for the analysis of multilevel information: The case of quantitative intersectional analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 245, 112499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112499
• Evans, C. R., Williams, D. R., Onnela, J. P., & Subramanian, S. V. (2018). A multilevel approach to modeling health inequalities at the intersection of multiple social identities. Social Science & Medicine., 203, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.011
• FEN. (2013). Libro blanco de la nutrición en España. Fundación Española de la Nutrición.
• Fernández, N. D. (2016). La crisis económica española: Una gran operación especulativa con graves consecuencias. Estudios Internacionales (santiago)., 48(183), 119–151. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-3769.2016.39883
• Fisher, M., Harris, P., Freeman, T., Mackean, T., George, E., Friel, S., & Baum, F. (2021). Implementing universal and targeted policies for health equity: Lessons from Australia. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 11(10), 2308–2318. https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.157
• García-Goñi, M., & Hernández-Quevedo, C. (2012). The evolution of obesity in Spain. Eurohealth., 18(1), 22–25.
• Gil, J., & Mora, T. (2011). The determinants of misreporting weight and height: The role of social norms. Economics and Human Biology, 9(1), 78–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2010.05.016
• Gili, M., García Campayo, J., & Roca, M. (2014). Crisis económica y salud mental. Informe SESPAS 2014. Gaceta Sanitaria., 28(S1), 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2014.02.005
• Gobierno-de-la-Rioja. (2009). II plan de Salud. Plan de promoción de hábitos de vida saludables. Actividad física y alimentación. Spain: Gobierno de la Rioja
• Hagenaars, A. J. M., de Vos, K., & Zaidi, M. (1994). Poverty statistics in the late 1980s: Research based on micro-data. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
• Hancock, A.-M. (2016). Intersectionality: An intellectual history. Oxford University Press.
• Hankivsky, O. (2012). Women’s health, men’s health, and gender and health: Implications of intersectionality. Social Science & Medicine., 74, 1712–1720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.029
• Hernández Yumar, A., Wemrell, M., Abasolo Alesson, I., Gonzales Lopez-Valcárcel, B., Leckie, G., & Merlo, J. (2018). Socioeconomic differences in body mass index in Spain: An intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy. PLoS ONE, 13(12), 0208624. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208624
• Hernández-Yumar, A., Abásolo Alessón, I., & González, L. V. (2019). Economic crisis and obesity in the Canary Islands: An exploratory study through the relationship between body mass index and educational level. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8098-x
• ICCA. (2019). Plan de frutas y verduras [Web page]. Retrieved March 12, 2019 from http://www3.gobiernodecanarias.org/sanidad/scs/contenidoGenerico.jsp?idDocument=934b5fe8-5af0-11e6-899d-871d09e3921a&idCarpeta=0428f5bb-8968-11dd-b7e9-158e12a49309
• INE. (2007a). Spanish national health survey 2006–2007. National Statistics Institute and Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality.
• INE. (2007b). National health survey 2006–2007. Methodology. National Statistics Institute.
• INE. (2012a). Spanish national health survey 2011–2012a. National Statistics Institute and Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality.
• INE. (2012b). National health survey 2011–2012. Methodology. National Statistics Institute.
• INE. (2017a). Spanish national health survey 2016–2017. National Statistics Institute and Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality.
• INE. (2017b). National health survey 2016–2017. Methodology. National Statistics Institute.
• INE. (2020). Average net annual income per person and consumption unit by age and sex. Retrieved December, 2020 from http://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=9942&L=1
• INE. (2020). Unemployment rates by sex and age group. Annual average for the four quarters. Retrieved December, 2020 from http://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=4887&L=0
• Jones, K., Johnston, R., & Manley, D. (2016). Uncovering interactions in multivariate contingency tables: A multi-level modelling exploratory approach. Methodological Innovations., 9, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059799116672874
• Jongnam, H., Eun-Young, L., & Chung, G. L. (2019). Measuring socioeconomic inequalities in obesity among Korean adults, 1998–2015. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health., 16(9), 1617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091617
• Kapilashrami, A., Hill, S., & Meer, N. (2015). What can health inequalities researchers learn from an intersectionality perspective? Understanding social dynamics with an inter-categorical approach? Social Theory Health., 13, 288.
• Karanikolos, M., Mladovsky, P., Cylus, J., Thomson, S., Basu, S., Stuckler, D., Mackenbach, J. P., & Mckee, M. (2013). Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe. The Lancet., 381, 1323–1331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60102-6
• Leckie, G., & Charlton, C. (2013). Runmlwin: A program to run the MLwiN multilevel modeling software from within stata. Journal of Statistical Software., 52(11), 1–40. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v052.i11
• Livingstone, M., & Black, A. (2003). Markers of the validity of reported energy intake. Journal of Nutrition, 133, 895s–920s. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.3.895S
• Macintyre, S., Ellaway, A., & Cummins, S. (2002). Place effects on health: How can we conceptualise, operationalise and measure them? Social Science and Medicine., 55(1), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00214-3
• Macintyre, S., Maciver, S., & Sooman, A. (1993). Area, class and health: Should we be focusing on places or people? Journal of Social Policy., 22, 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279400019310
• Marmot, M. (2015). The health gap: The challenge of an unequal world. Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Martín Ruiz, J. F. (2005). Los factores definitorios de los grandes grupos de edad de la población: Tipos, subgrupos y umbrales. Scripta Nova: Revista Electrónica De Geografía y Ciencias Sociales., 9(190), 181–204.
• Martin-Carrasco, M., Evans-Lacko, S., Dom, G., Christodoulou, N. G., Samochowiec, J., González-Fraile, E., Bienkowski, P., Gómez-Beneyto, M., Dos Santos, M. J. H., & Wasserman, D. (2016). EPA guidance on mental health and economic crises in Europe. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 266(2), 89–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-016-0681-x
• Matheson, F. I., Moineddin, R., & Glazier, R. H. (2008). The weight of place: A multilevel analysis of gender, neighborhood material deprivation, and body mass index among Canadian adults. Social Science and Medicine., 66, 675–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.10.008
• Maynou, L., & Saez, M. (2016). Economic crisis and health inequalities: Evidence from the European union. International Journal for Equity in Health., 15(1), 135. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0425-6
• McCall, L. (2005). The complexity of intersectionality. The University of Chicago Press Journals., 30, 1771–1800. https://doi.org/10.1086/426800
• Merino Ventosa, M., & Urbanos-Garrido, R. (2016). Disentangling effects of socioeconomic status on obesity: A cross-sectional study of the Spanish adult population. Economics and Human Biology., 22, 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2016.05.004
• Merlo, J. (2018). Multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) within an intersectional framework. Social Science & Medicine., 203, 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.026
• Merlo, J., Mulinari, S., Wemrell, M., Subramanian, S. V., & Hedblad, B. (2017). The tyranny of the averages and the indiscriminate use of risk factors in public health: The case of coronary heart disease. SSM Population Health., 3, 684–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.08.005
• Merlo, J., Wagner, P., & Leckie, G. (2019). A simple multilevel approach for analysing geographical inequalities in public health reports: The case of municipality differences in obesity. Health & Place, 58, 102145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102145
• Mersky, J. P., Choi, C., Plummer Lee, C., & Janczewski, C. E. (2021). Disparities in adverse childhood experiences by race/ethnicity, gender, and economic status: Intersectional analysis of a nationally representative sample. Child Abuse and Neglect, 117, 105066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105066
• Moreno-Agostino, D., Woodhead, C., Ploubidis, G. B., & Das-Munshi, J. (2023). A quantitative approach to the intersectional study of mental health inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic in UK young adults. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-023-02424-0
• Norte, A., Sospedra, I., & Ortíz-Moncada, R. (2019). Influence of economic crisis on dietary quality and obesity rates. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition., 70(2), 232–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2018.1492523
• Nyholm, M., Gullberg, B., Merlo, J., Lundqvist-Persson, C., Rastam, L., & Lindblad, U. (2007). The validity of obesity based on self-reported weight and height: Implications for population studies. Obesity (silver Spring), 15(1), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.536
• OECD. (2014). Income inequality update. Rising inequality: Youth and poor fall further behind. OECD Publishing.
• OECD. (2017). Obesity update 2017. OECD Publishing.
• OECD/EU. (2014). Overweight and obesity among adults. In N. Biondi, M. Devaux, M. Cecchini, & F. Sassi (Eds.), Health at a glance: Europe 2014 (pp. 56–57). OECD Publishing.
• Ortiz-Moncada, R. (2015). Epidemiología de la obesidad en España. Universidad de Alicante.
• Palència, L., Malmusi, D., & Borrell, C. (2014). Incorporating intersectionality in evaluation of policy impacts on health equity. A quick guide. Barcelona: Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona.
• Panagiotakos, D. B., Chrysohoou, C., Pitsavos, C., & Stefanadis, C. (2006). Association between the prevalence of obesity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet: The ATTICA study. Nutrition, 22, 449–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2005.11.004
• Pont Geis P, Llano Ruiz M, Soler Villa À, Burriel Paloma J, Casajús Mallén J, Fontecha Matínez C. (2009) Plan integral de promoción del deporte y la actividad física. Personas mayores. Versión 1. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Deportes
• Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. (2010). Obesity stigma: Important considerations for public health. American Journal of Public Health., 100, 1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.159491
• Radwan, A., & Gil, J. M. (2014). On the nexus between economic and obesity crisis in Spain: Parametric and nonparametric analysis of the role of economic factors on obesity prevalence. In A. Radwan & J. M. Gil (Eds.), 88th annual conference, April (pp. 9–11). Agricultural Economics Society.
• Raftopoulou, A. (2017). Geographic determinants of individual obesity risk in Spain: A multilevel approach. Economics and Human Biology, 24, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2016.12.001
• Regidor, E., Barrio, G., Bravo, M. J., & de la Fuente, L. (2014). Has health in Spain been declining since the economic crisis? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health., 68, 280. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-202944
• Rodriguez-Caro, A., Vallejo-Torres, L., & Lopez-Valcarcel, B. (2016). Unconditional quantile regressions to determine the social gradient of obesity in Spain 1993–2014. International Journal for Equity in Health., 15, 175. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0454-1
• Ruhm, C. J. (2000). Are recessions good for your health? Quarterly Journal of Economics., 115, 617–650. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554872
• Ruhm, C. J. (2005). Healthy living in hard times. Journal of Health Economics., 24, 341–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2004.09.007
• Ruiz-Ramos, M., Córdoba-Doña, J. A., Bacigalupe, A., Juárez, S., & Escolar-Pujolar, A. (2014). Crisis económica al inicio del siglo xxi y mortalidad en España. Tendencia e impacto sobre las desigualdades sociales. Informe SESPAS 2014. Gaceta Sanitaria., 28, 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2014.01.005
• Savane, F. R., Navarrete-Muñoz, E. M., de la Garcia Hera, M., Gimenez-Monzo, D., Gonzalez-Palacios, S., Valera-Gran, D., Sempere-Orts, M., & Vioque, J. (2013). Validez del peso y talla auto-referido en población universitaria y factores asociados a las discrepancias entre valores declarados y medidos. Nutrición Hospitalaria., 28(1633), 1638.
• Schröder, H., Marrugat, J., Vila, J., Covas, M. I., & Elosua, R. (2004). Adherence to the traditional mediterranean diet is inversely associated with body mass index and obesity in a Spanish population. The Journal of Nutrition., 134, 3355–3361. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.12.3355
• Seng, J. S., Lopez, W. D., Sperlich, M., Hamama, L., & Reed Meldrum, C. D. (2012). Marginalized identities, discrimination burden, and mental health: Empirical exploration of an interpersonal-level approach to modeling intersectionality. Social Science and Medicine, 75(12), 2437–2445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.09.023
• SEPAD. (2019) Actividad saludable intergeneracional [Web page]. Retrieved March 12, 2019 from https://saludextremadura.ses.es/sepad/detalle-contenido-estructurado&content=694308
• Spencer, E. A., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., & Key, T. J. (2002). Validity of self-reported height and weight in 4808 EPIC-Oxford participants. Public Health Nutrition, 5, 561–565. https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2001322
• Steele, F. (2008). Module 5. Introduction to multilevel modelling concepts. Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol.
• Suhrcke, M., & Stuckler, D. (2012). Will the recession be bad for our health? It Depends. Social Science & Medicine., 74, 647–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.011
• Toffolutti, V., & Suhrcke, M. (2014). Assessing the short term health impact of the great recession in the European union: A cross-country panel analysis. Preventive Medicine., 64, 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.03.028
• Urbanos-Garrido, R. M., & Lopez-Valcarcel, B. G. (2015). The influence of the economic crisis on the association between unemployment and health: An empirical analysis for Spain. The European Journal of Health Economics., 16(2), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-014-0563-y
• Wemrell, M., Bennet, L., & Merlo, J. (2019). Understanding the complexity of socioeconomic disparities in type 2 diabetes risk: a study of 4.3 million people in Sweden. BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care., 7(1), e000749. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000749
• WHO. (2000). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. World Health Organization.
• Zapata Moya, A., Buffel, V., Navarro Yanez, C., & Bracke, P. (2015). Social inequality in morbidity, framed within the current economic crisis in Spain. International Journal for Equity in Health., 14(128), 131. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-015-0217-4
• Zubizarreta, D., Beccia, A. L., Trinh, M. H., Reynolds, C. A., Reisner, S. L., & Charlton, B. M. (2022). Human papillomavirus vaccination disparities among US college students: An intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA). Social Science and Medicine, 301, 114871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114871